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The modern animal welfare movement is a relatively new invention in human history. For millennia, animals were viewed under the Cartesian model as automatons—machines that could not feel pain. The turning point came in the 19th century with the British Parliament's passage of Martin's Act in 1822 (preventing cruel treatment of cattle) and the founding of the RSPCA in 1824.

(access to fresh water and a healthy diet). The modern animal welfare movement is a relatively

The Global Evolution of Animal Welfare and Rights: Ethics, Law, and Society (access to fresh water and a healthy diet)

Procedures like debeaking, tail-docking, and castration are frequently performed without anesthesia. and pleasure. From this perspective

Historically, property law treated animals no differently than inanimate objects like furniture or cars. However, modern jurisprudence is gradually shifting to recognize the biological reality of animal sentience—the capacity to experience positive and negative emotions, pain, and pleasure.

From this perspective, animals are not property or resources. This philosophy suggests that: Using animals for food or clothing is inherently unethical.