The stress generated as the bellows folds flex under movement.
: Standardized criteria for managing meridional weld lines and specific geometry of metallic shapes. ejma standardpdf
Using the precise safety margins in the standard prevents over-engineering (which makes joints too rigid and costly) or under-engineering (which leads to premature failure). Standard vs. Custom Joint Designs The stress generated as the bellows folds flex
Because bellows must simultaneously be flexible enough to bend and thick enough to withstand intense internal pressures, their engineering requires complex stress-analysis equations. The EJMA Technical Committee continually revises these equations based on rigorous empirical testing and member research. The standard focuses on: Standard vs
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: Applies explicitly to metallic bellows with specific, factory-formed convolution shapes.